Showing posts with label Church and State. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Church and State. Show all posts

Thursday, January 22, 2015

The Same-Sex Marriage Ruling Will Define Freedom


The American view of law and government is summarized in our founding document, the Declaration of Independence, by these three things:
  • There is a God.
  • Our rights come from God, not government.
  • Government's primary role is to preserve and protect those God-given rights.
 So - what will the Supreme Court Case arguing over same-sex marriage really be about?

Thirty-one U.S. state constitutional amendments banning legal recognition of same-sex unions have been adopted. Of these, only a handful declare same-sex marriage unconstitutional in their state. In virtually none of the thirty-one US states, are any same-sex couples penalized, prosecuted, fined or put in jail; or given any other form of penalty whatsoever. That would never happen. In fact, virtually all of the states (and federal law for that matter), specifically protect homosexuals from any form of discrimination with regard to employment, access to public schools and other services that are provided by the government. No one - I repeat no on - is allowed to legally get away with discriminating against homosexuals. And those of us who are believers and advocates for the spirit of our laws - to “Live and Let Live” - would defend each homosexual’s right to choose to live their life as they wish; as long as they are not forcing others to violate their own beliefs, or trampling on the specifically and constitutionally enumerated rights of individuals.

At our core we are a good and moral country, and we do not want people to be harmed, marginalized, discriminated against or persecuted in any way. Any individuals who have displayed in their behavior otherwise are not living in a spirit of harmony with “The American Way”.

The various state constitutional amendments and laws are not designed to try to force any individual to change their viewpoint, their belief system or their way of life. Nor are they designed to harm or discriminate against anyone. They are specifically designed to allow same-sex couples to continue to live in freedom, while at the same time preventing groups that seek to redefine who we are as a nation and as a people from doing so. These groups seek to force their beliefs on us by the rule of law.

The point, the goal and spirit of our basic laws is to “Live and Let Live”. That is the essence of liberty.

The spirit that exists within our laws, and within our founding documents and Constitution, is the idea that people possess a free will and should be free to live their lives; that is to “pursue happiness” however they see fit. Just as long as it does not harm others in any personal or physical way; as long as it does not violate them of their person or property rights, AND specifically it does not violate the enumerated rights within the United States Constitution – which include protected religious freedom.

It is no coincidence that the founders used the very first amendment to the U.S. Constitution to address these rights - which include freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and freedom of speech; which has always been interpreted as freedom of conscience.

From a commonsense standpoint; how does anyone, anywhere - whether that be individuals, elected officials, bureaucrats - and yes, Supreme Court justices - somehow think that they can use the power of law and government to force others to change their beliefs? It is a ridiculous premise. Nobody changes their beliefs because some government official, or new law mandates they must.

So you see, at its core, the Supreme Court argument has absolutely nothing to do with whether or not two people of the same gender who care about each other can live together like heterosexuals can. They absolutely can! There is no one in prison today, or faced with some punishment, because they violated their state's amendment defining marriage as a man and a woman.

The argument being made by those who want to force people and states to redefine marriage - IS about "you will be made to care." And - if you don't want to care, we will use the coercive power of government to force you to care. Even if it means forcing you to validate what your conscience and/or religion teaches is immoral or outside of the natural order.

We have experienced numerous and unprecedented assaults on religious liberty in recent times. Like the black fire chief of Atlanta, who used to serve in the Obama administration, and lost his job because he wrote a book on his personal time advocating the Bible's views on sexuality. Even though an investigation found no evidence he was discriminating against anyone who disagreed with his views, he was fired anyway for being a Christian.

An award-winning newspaper editor lost his job for being a Christian. Simply because he disagreed with the so-called "Queen James Bible" which revises the Scriptures to accept homosexuality. The editor did not write the article in a newspaper – he wrote it on his personal blog.

Funny - it seems as if it is the Left's business to stick their nose into what Christians do with their private time. Yet these same folks on the left most often tell others that what they do with their private time is no one’s business. That surely seems like hypocrisy to me.

I am guessing that many of you are already aware of some of the more prominent cases of discrimination against, and persecution of Christians right here in US of A! Some of the more obvious ones are the family-owned bakery that was sued and put out of business because they would not bake cupcakes or a wedding cake celebrating a same-sex marriage. A photography business that was fined for refusing to provide photography services for a same-sex wedding couple.

In virtually every one of these cases the owners of the businesses even offered to refer the same-sex customers to other businesses who would fulfill their request at an equal or lesser cost. These business owners did not want the same-sex couples to be denied the services they sought; they merely didn’t want to provide the services themselves out of a moral or ‘rights of conscience’ objection. But out of respect, each was willing to make sure that another service provider would fulfill the needs of the same-sex couple at a fair market price.

So much for mutual respect; so much for live and let live.

Here are a few more that didn’t get as much attention in the media.

·      Under Barack Obama, The Internal Revenue Service launched a widespread series of attacks on Christian ministries and pro-life groups—all deemed enemies of the Obama administration. The IRS even set its sights on one of the most famous evangelical Christians in the world: America’s pastor, Billy Graham.

·      A North Carolina pastor was fired from his duties as honorary chaplain of the state House of Representatives after invoking the name of Jesus.

·      Senior citizens living in a center in Georgia were told they could no longer pray over their meals.

·      A federal judge ordered a Texas school district to prohibit public prayer at the Medina Valley Independent school District graduation ceremony.

·      Massachusetts eight-year-old boy who was sent home from school and ordered to undergo psychiatric evaluation after he drew a picture of Jesus on a cross.

·      A professor at the University of Kentucky who applied for a job directing the university’s observatory but was turned down after the hiring committee found out he was a Christian.

·      Bibles and other religious materials that were briefly banned from Walter Reed Medical Center.

·      A  New York public school teacher who was ordered to remove inspirational Bible verses from her classroom. The teacher was also told to remove a quote from former Pres. Ronald Reagan. Ironically, the quote read, “If we ever forget that we are one nation under God, then we will be a nation gone under”.

·      A widow who lives in a Minnesota apartment complex funded by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was told she could not pray, read her Bible, or have a private discussion of any religious nature in the common area of the complex. A social worker told her that the apartment complex receives funding from the federal government and therefore she did NOT have a first amendment right because HUD does not allow religious discussions in public areas of the complex.

·      Officials at Rollins College in Florida ordered a group of students to shut down a Bible study they were holding in the privacy of a dorm room because, they said, it violated the schools rules. A resident Hall assistant entered the dorm room during the middle of the study and asked the student who was leading the group to step outside. He was told there were no longer allowed to hold a Bible study inside the dorm room, even with the express consent of the individual students, because InterVarsity (a Christian college organization), was no longer registered or accepted as an official student group on campus. It did not matter that they were individuals sharing a Bible study in the privacy of a person’s dorm room.

·      For more than seven years pastor Terry Sartain ministered to police officers and their families in Charlotte North Carolina. Whenever the Charlotte Mecklenburg Police Department invited him to deliver an invocation he prayed “in the name of Jesus”. But not anymore, volunteer chaplains in the Charlotte Mecklenburg Police Department were told they were no longer allowed to invoke the name of Jesus in prayers at any public events or on government property.

·      In 2011 and evangelical Christian church was told by New York City officials it could no longer rent a community room at a federally funding housing project named after Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor. An attorney representing the Bronx Bible Church of the congregation was notified that Christmas day would be the last day the church could worship at the housing project.

·      The family of a Colorado preacher’s wife was told by the director of the city owned Cemetery that he refused to carve on her gravestone the name of Jesus because it might offend people.

·      A Florida-based ministry that has fed the poor for three decades was told by the state agricultural department they would no longer be allowed to receive USDA foods unless they removed from their facility any portraits of Christ, the Ten Commandments and a banner that reads “Jesus is Lord”. They were also ordered to stop giving out Bibles.

·      Missouri Baptist have been gathering on the river banks of the Missouri River on Sunday afternoon baptisms for over 100 years. New believers are led to the water, draped in white robes as a choir sings “Shall We Gather at the River.” But now the long cherished tradition of taking the plunge has been drawn into a controversy with the federal government when the National Park Service band baptism in rivers and bodies of water that are within national parks.

·      A flower bed shaped like a cross in a Columbus Georgia Park was mowed down and removed after a non-Christian raised concerns with the city’s leadership. The city’s mayor determine the cross violated the law and ordered it to be removed.

·       A family-owned diner in Pennsylvania was investigated for discrimination after offering a 10% discount for diners who present a church bulletin on Sundays. The restaurant owners were served with a 16 page complaint from the state of Pennsylvania accusing them of discrimination.

·       The city of Houston has issued subpoenas demanding a group of pastors turn over any sermons dealing with homosexuality, gender identity or Annise Parker, the city’s first openly lesbian mayor. And those ministers who fail to comply could be held in contempt of court.

I could go on and on. There are least another dozen examples that I could share from the last six years alone.

So, is this honestly about some sort of immoral or unethical discrimination toward same-sex couples? I honestly don’t think so. At its core, this case is about an attack on religious liberty and an attack on the American way of life that has existed since our founding. 

This case is also about -   is it right, healthy or wise for our nation to redefine what marriage is. I for one, certainly do not believe that it is the role of government to be defining what marriage is. Most importantly, it is not the job of government to mandate by law what people must believe or not believe. That is an idea that is disconnected from reality, and ignore the nature of human thought and free will.

Footnote on Where Court Arguments May Lead

Loving v. Virginia and other important freedom to marry cases have affirmed some constitutional guarantees, the very guarantees nearly 60 state and federal courts have invoked in the waves of rulings in favor of the exclusion of gay couples from marriage.

The problem is that Loving v. Virginia was about making sure states could not ban interracial marriage. Why is this a problem? Because we know from over 100 years of hard science that the racial ethnicity, or the color of a person’s skin, is completely driven by biology and genetics. The new revolutions and discoveries from genetic science proves what we’ve already known for a thousand years; the discriminating against someone for their skin color is ridiculous because they were born that way. On the other hand, these great achievements in genetic science have nearly completely proven that there is no “gay gene”. In fact one of the most recent studies released in February 2014, and completed in conjunction with a handful of cooperating universities; a study that took more than a decade to achieve - clearly shows that there is no genetic contributor to a propensity for same-sex attraction. Combining this with the behavioral sciences that have been used to research and help better understand people with same-sex attraction - it is a safe conclusion that same-sex attraction is more an outcome of nurture then it is nature.

The question is, will the 50 to 100 years of biological and genetic science and its results be permitted within the discussion and the arguments in the courtroom. I certainly think it should.

So at its core, this case is not just about the American way of life and defending religious freedom, it is certainly about defining what a “civil right” actually is. I personally know several black Americans who gave their all to fight for their rights, and to get civil rights legislation passed in the 1960’s. These Americans take issue with the idea that same-sex attraction and the color of someone’s skin are on par and considered a civil right. They object because a Black American is born black; while there is no real evidence that a gay American is born same-sex attracted.

If the core facts of biology and genetics, and the definition of civil rights are not considered within this case - I fear that very little will be resolved for the American people.

Links & Resources




Associated Press, “Religious Groups: IRS Scrutinized Us,” May 15, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/religious-groups-irs-scrutinized-us/
 (accessed January 31, 2014).

“IRS Caught on Tape Telling Nonprofit: ‘Keep Your Faith to Yourself,’” Fox News, http://nation.foxnews.com/2013/06/10/irs-caught-tape-telling-nonprofit-keep-your-faith-yourself

Mark Becker, “CMPD chaplains told to stop invoking Jesus at public events,” WSOCTV, June 19, 2012, http://www.wsoctv.com/news/news/local/cmpd-chaplains-told-stop-invoking-jesus-public-eve/nPZdq/

First Amendment Center, “Meal Prayer at Ga. Senior Center Stopped, Then Restored,” May 11, 2010,

Christa Schultz, et al., v. Medina Valley Independent School District, United States District Court Western District of Texas, http://www.txwd.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Cases/schultz/default.asp


“Taunton Second-Grader Sent Home Over Drawing of Jesus,” Taunton Daily Gazette, December 15, 2009,

“Astronomer Sues the University of Kentucky, Claiming His Faith Cost Him a Job,” December 18, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/us/19kentucky.html

NBCWashington, “Whoops! Walter Reed Temporarily Bans Bibles.”

American Freedom Law Center, “Christian Teacher Sues New York Public School District for Restricting Her Religious Speech,” January 10, 2013, http://www.americanfreedomlawcenter.org/press-release/christian-teacher-sues-new-york-public-school-district-for-restricting-her-religious-speech/

“TH Magazine: Persecution of Christians . . . in America,” Townhall Magazine, August 6, 2013, http://townhall.com/tipsheet/elisabethmeinecke/2013/08/16/th-magazine-persecution-of-christians-in-america-n1662288

Alliance Defending Freedom, “Evicting a Widow’s Prayer,” October 19, 2012, http://www.alliancedefendingfreedom.org/News/PRDetail/7706

The Salem News, “Park Service Rescinds Permit Requirement for Baptisms,” August 20, 2010, http://www.thesalemnewsonline.com/news/local_news/article_ccc35038-09a8-11e3-9ce3-001a4bcf6878.html


“Controversy Still Surrounds a Cross-Shaped Flowerbed in Local Park,” WTVM, July 25, 2012, http://www.wtvm.com/story/19105137/controversy-still-surrounds-a-cross-shaped-flower-bed

“Atheist Files Complaint Over Restaurant’s Sunday Promotion,” York Daily Record, July 15, 2012, http://www.ydr.com/ci_20996278/atheist-files-complaint-over-restaurants-sunday-promotion

LanscasterOnline, “Atheist Files Complaint Over Restaurant’s Sunday Promotion,” July 2, 2012, http://lancasteronline.com/news/atheist-files-complaint-over-restaurant-s-sunday-promotion/video_3e384646-fcf7-5445-8bf8-f7631e31dfd9.html

Loving the Supreme Court’s decision to take on gay marriage

Sunday, May 25, 2014

"Separation of Church & State" - What Does it Actually Mean? Part 2

The Separation Clause - Its Original Intent
an excerpt from The Separation of Church and State by Signature Historian David Barton

The phrase “Separation of Church and State” has been invoked in over four thousand legal cases in recent decades. It is cited as the reason for the removal of Nativity scenes from public parks, Ten Commandment displays from courtrooms, public prayer from school events, religious symbols from city seals, as well as the prohibition of several types of popular religious expressions. The Founding Father most associated with the separation phrase is Thomas Jefferson; and while the phrase is definitely familiar to most folks today, its history is largely unknown.

Significantly, Jefferson was actually a latecomer to this famous metaphor; for it had long since been introduced in the 1500s by prominent ministers in England. Throughout the 1600s, it was carried to America by Bible-oriented colonists who planted it deeply in the thinking of Americans - all long before Jefferson ever repeated it. So what is the original and historic origin of this now popular phrase?

Historian David Barton summarizes the story behind and our problem with the separation clauses today.




When God established civil government for His people Israel, He placed Moses over the civil affairs and Aaron over the spiritual ones - the nation was one, but the jurisdictions were two, with separate leaders over each. The account of King Uzziah of Judah in second 2 Chronicles 26 provides a lucid illustration of how God insisted that the two jurisdictions be kept separate.

Uzziah’s reign lasted 52 years (a remarkable span of time for that era in world history). Prosperity and stability characterized his civil rule; under his leadership the nation of Israel experienced unrivaled innovation, new technologies and prosperity for its people that was famous across the civilized world. His personal piety toward God was also very well-known, and he openly and boldly honored God throughout his kingdom.

Then a dramatic change occurred. The turning point is recorded in verse 16, with the revealing statement that Uzziah “entered the temple of the Lord to burn incense on the altar of incense.” As a civil ruler over the kingdom, he decided that he would also take upon himself the function of a priest by burning incense on the altar; but that duty had been strictly reserved by God for his priests. Uzziah, by trying to perform the responsibilities of both Church and State and become the head of each, had thus cross the line drawn by God himself.

Under this violation, the priests courageously and forcefully withstood him (V. 18), but Uzziah refused to listen and became enraged at them. He sees their sacred utensils and prepared to make use of them when God weighed in: he instantly struck Uzziah with leprosy, who fled the temple in horror and humiliation.

Significantly, it had been acceptable for Uzziah to honor God in his kingdom, and had been acceptable for Uzziah to enter the temple to worship God. But when Uzziah attempted to violate the jurisdictional separation between State and Church - when he sought to be in charge of both the civil and religious arenas at the same time - God provided a dramatic precedent as a message of warning to all future generations.

Please understand, I do not share this story from Scripture for the purpose of a Bible study. Rather, I share this story from the Bible as a specific example of why members of the Christian community for centuries have held out for a “Separation of Church and State”, and much of the history of Europe between the 1600s and 1700s confirms this early Christian understanding of civil government and religious affairs.

In the first three centuries of Christianity, there had been no attempt to merge the two separate and distinct God ordained institutions of State and Church, but that changed when Roman Emperor Theodosius I unilaterally assumed control of the church and assimilated into the state, decreeing Christianity is the official religion of his massive empire and declaring all other religions illegal.[1] With that edict, the state crossed the boundary God established, and Christianity became coercive, thus repudiating the voluntariness infused into it by Christ Himself.

Thereafter, emperors of the State regularly made themselves officers of the Church. It became a time of “the secularization of the Church and the deprivation of Christianity”[2] - a time when State leaders wrongly “believed that one of the chief duties of an imperial ruler was to place his sword at the service of the Church and orthodoxy”. Because State and Church became one, a Church leader therefore became a State Official and answered to State authorities, being required to enforce any religious doctrines the State decreed.

Understandably, widespread atrocities marked this period of history, and civil and religious rulers (often one and the same) were frequently ruthless, ever inventing new sadistic tortures and inflicting death with the same lack of compunction they manifested when squishing a roach in the putrefied vermin infested dungeons they frequently maintained. A review of Fox’s Book of Martyrs (published in 1563 and some 2,300 pages in length) enumerates the slaughters of countless thousands of Christians by the so-called Christian leaders.

Because the Church had been taken over by the State, it was Bible-based ministers who finally stood up and demanded the State separate from the Church. In fact, English Clergymen Richard Hooker was the first to use the phrase. King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) had wanted a divorce, but the church properly refused to give him one, so he started his own National Church (the Anglican church), and after decreeing new state established doctrines, he gave himself a divorce.[3] The English Parliament also passed laws stipulating who could take communion and who could be a minister of the Gospel, thus forcefully controlling by Government and directing what should have been purely ecclesiastical matters.[4] The Rev. Hooker knew that it was wrong for the State to establish religious doctrines and dictate beliefs and practices for the Church, so he called for a “Separation of Church and Commonwealth.”[5]

Other Bible-centered ministers also spoke out against the intrusion of the State into the jurisdiction of the Church, including the Rev. John Greenwood (1556 – 1593), who started the congregation attended by many of the Pilgrims when they still lived in England. At that time, Queen Elizabeth I was head over both the State and the Church, but Greenwood asserted “That there could be but one headed to the Church and that was not to be the Queen, but Christ!”[6] He was eventually executed for “denying her Majesty’s ecclesiastical supremacy and attacking the existing ecclesiastical order”. Then when Parliament passed a law requiring that if “any of her Majesty’s subjects deny the Queen’s ecclesiastical supremacy… they shall be committed to prison without bail,”[7] most of the Pilgrims fled England to Holland. They subsequently moved from Holland to America, where they boldly advocated Separation of Church and State, asserting that government had no right to “compel religion, to plant churches by power, and force a submission to ecclesiastical government by laws and penalties.”[8]

Many of the other Christian colonists who came to America had also been the subjects of Christian persecution at the hands of State leaders who had taken over the Church. For example, a decade after the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, 20,000 Puritans also fled England after many received life sentences (or had their noses slit, ears cut off, or a brand placed on their foreheads) for not adhering to state-mandated Anglican teachings. Others coming to America for similar reasons included Jews facing the Inquisition in Portugal (1654); Quakers fleeing England after some 10,000 had been imprisoned or tortured (1680); Anabaptists (Mennonites, Moravians, Dunkers, etc.) All persecuted in Germany (1683); 400,000 Bible believing Huguenots persecuted in France (1685): 20,000 Lutherans expelled from Austria (1731); etc.

And just as the Pilgrims had come to America advocating the separation of the State from the Church, other Bible-centered ministers and colonists traveling from Europe did the same, such as the Rev. Roger Williams (1603 – 1683), the Rev. John Wise (1652 – 1725), Rev. William Penn (1614 – 1718), and many more. Early American Methodist Bishop Charles Galloway summarized not only what Bible-believing ministers had concluded, but especially what God himself had establish as the standard, declaring:

The miter and the crown should never encircle the same brow. The crozier and the scepter should never be wielded by the same hand.[9]

Of the four items specifically mentioned (the miter, crown, crozier, and scepter), to reference the Church, and to the State. Concerning the Church, the miter was the headgear worn by the high priest in Jewish times (Exodus 28:3 – four, 35 – 37), and later by popes, cardinals and bishops; and the crozier was the shepherds crook carried by church officials during special ceremonies. Pertaining to the State, the crown was the symbol of authority placed upon the heads of Kings, and the scepter was held in their hand as an emblem of their extensive power (Esther 4:11). Therefore, the metaphor that “the miter and the crown should never encircle the same brow” meant that the same person should not be the head of the State and the head of the Church. Galloway’s phrase only provided a clear and easily understandable visual picture, but it also referred to specific historical incidents – as when Roman Emperor Otto II (980 – 1002) constructed his Kings Crown to fit atop the miter worn by the church officials,[10] thus wearing the crowns of both State and Church at the same time.

Based on these well-documented facts, the entire history of the Separation Doctrine had been to prevent the State from meddling with, interfering against, or controlling the Church’s beliefs and religious expressions. Consequently, the Separation Doctrine was never used to secularize the public square and quite the contrary: it existed to protect rather than remove voluntary public religious practices. As affirmed by early Quaker leader Will Wood:

The Separation of Church and State does not mean the exclusion of God, righteousness, morality, from the state.[11]

The first part of the amendment is now called the “Establishment Clause,” and the latter part, the “Free Exercise Clause.” The language of both is clear; and both clauses were pointed solely and specifically at the State, not at the Church. Notice that the Establishment Clause prohibited the State from enforcing religious conformity, and the Free Exercise Clause ensured that the State would protect (rather than suppress, as it currently does) citizen’s rights of conscious and religious expression. They are prohibitions only on the power of Congress (the Government or State), not on religious individuals or organizations. This was the original meaning and intent of “Separation of Church and State” with which Thomas Jefferson was intimately familiar, and it was this interpretation that he repeatedly reaffirmed in much of his writings and practices, not the modern perversion of it.



Also see:  "Separation of Church & State" - What Does it Actually Mean? Part 1



[1] The entire history of the separation doctrine was to prevent the state from taking control of religioun and regulating public religious beliefs and expressions; it was not to secularize remove religious beliefs or expression from public life. Fordham University, “Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions, Theodosian Code XVI.1.2” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html)

[2] Samuel Smith Harris, The Relation of Christianity to Civil Society (New York: Thomas Whitaker, 1883), pp. 61-62

[3] Joseph Blötzer, transcribed by Matt Dean, “Inquisition,” the Catholic Encyclopedia, October 1, 1910 (at http://www.newadvent.org/)

[4] “Anglicanism,” Catholic Encyclopedia (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/). Also, see, for example, An Ordinance of the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament Together with Rules and Directions concerning Suspension from the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper in Cases of Ignorance and Scandal (London: John Wright, October 21, 1645).

[5] Richard Hooker, the Works of the Learned Injudicious Divine, Mr. Richard Hooker, (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1820), Vol. III p. 286

[6] Frederick Greenwood, Greenwood Genealogies, 1154 – 1914 (New York: The Lions Genealogical Company, 1914), p. 31 “The Execution of John Greenwood.”

[7] Greenwood, Greenwood Genealogies, 1154 – 1914, page 35, “The Execution of John Greenwood.”

[8] Claude H, Van Tyne, The Causes of the War of Independence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922): page 3

[9] Charles B Galloway, Christianity in the American Commonwealth (Nashville: publishing house Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898), page 144.

[10] “The Legitimization of Authority”, Shelton Hall University (http://pirate.shu.edu/)

[11] Will C. Wood, Five Problems of State and Religion (Boston: Henry Hoyt, 1877), p. 92.


Also see - "The Founders Bible, the Origin of the Dream of Freedom", (Shilo Road Publishing, Copyright 2012) pgs. 683-688